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Climate is characterized by mean air temperature, humidity, winds, precipitation, and frequency of extreme weather events over a lengthy period of time, at least thirty years. Global warming is an example of climate change, and so are increases in the magnitude or frequency of floods and droughts experienced in many parts of the world during the past several decades. Climate change includes both natural variability and anthropogenic changes.

Within the founding documents of the United States are statements on equality and freedom that contradicted the facts of American society at the time of the founding—contradictions whose effects have never been fully resolved. The Declaration of Independence calls it self-evident that “all men are created equal” and have “unalienable rights.” Yet the Constitution originally acknowledged the institution of slavery, notably in a provision that fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners. American Indians also faced discrimination both in law and practice. Any new country proclaiming equality while allowing slavery and thinking of an entire race as inferior is founded on an impossible contradiction, one that many of the founders undoubtedly realized would have to be faced in the future. The legalization of slavery was ended with the US Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment (1865). Until the mid-twentieth century, however, the federal government generally avoided becoming involved in attempts to legislate against discrimination, allowing the states to establish their own policies. Many of the states, being closer to the people and their prejudices than the federal government was, were inclined to condone discrimination and even actively encourage it through legislation.

Research methodology refers to the various methods--whether procedures or processes--by which research is developed and conducted. There are numerous Research Starter articles related to this topic. The list below includes the most relevant Research Starter items.

It is difficult at times to distinguish nursing from medicine, since there are so many ways in which they interrelate. Though some people think that nursing began with Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), it is in fact as old as medicine itself. Throughout history, there have been periods when the two fields functioned interdependently and times when they were practiced separately from each other. It seems likely that many of the seeds of medical knowledge were sown by the natural remedies used by traditional mother-nurse figures.

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